Matt Yglesias has a pair of posts casting aspersions on the Endangered Species Act. That set off a flurry of outraged, patronizing comments explaining that the world is all… like… connected, man. In the second post, Matt links to some libertarian critiques of the ESA.
Now, it seems to me that there are at least three distinct issues here, that have gotten lumped together rather haphazardly in the comments to Matt’s posts. Let’s see if I can disentangle them:
1. Endangered species are critical to human survival: This was Matt’s explicit point, and I think he’s right that this is nonsense. For evidence, look to Europe: Europeans killed off all of its large wild animals and deforested almost all of its land three thousand years ago. You can argue about what kinds of negative effects this had, but it’s pretty clear that the Europeans survived. We don’t know what native species were killed by ancient Greeks, Romans, Gauls, Celts, etc, but it’s a safe bet that Europe had some native species that are no longer with us, and it’s obvious that they weren’t critical to the survival of European humans.
Now, one might argue that Europe has been somehow free-riding off of the beneficial environmental effects of wild areas elsewhere in the world. I’m skeptical about this, but even if this is true, it’s hard to see how diversity, per se, is the issue. It might be, for example, that a minimum number of trees is needed to have a breathable atmosphere. But if that’s the case, it’s not obvious why you need to preserve every tree species. As long as you have enough of some kind of tree, that’s probably sufficient. And as long as we have a few kinds of trees that can grow in each climate, we can always plant more trees as needed.
2. Endangered species are aesthetically or scientifically valuable: This is largely a matter of opinion. Personally, I’m agnostic on the subject. I like biodiversity in the abstract, but I’m not sure how much I personally would be willing to pay to preserve a particular increment of biodiversity. But notice the critical difference between this and the first issue: there’s no tipping point. Preserving 90% of biodiversity is almost as good as preserving 100% of it. Ordinary cost-benefit analysis is appropriate. Spending a dollar to save a dozen species is clearly worthwhile. Spending a trillion dollars to save one species is probably not worthwhile.
3. The Endangered Species Act doesn’t protect species (or even hurts them): This is the argument that most of the libertarians Matt links to make, and notice that it’s independent of the first two issues. If you buy this argument, then you should support repealing the ESA even if you strongly believe that endangered species are intrinsically valuable and crucial to human survival. Personally, I think this critique is probably right– by making endangered species a threat to landowners’ livelihood, the ESA creates perverse incentives to want to destroy habitat and drive away (or kill) species before their presence is discovered on your land. Now, I’m not really looking to argue this point in any detail, but I think those on the left can at least acknowledge that it’s a point worth addressing in any defense of the ESA: clearly, the Act creates some perverse incentives that to at least some extent encourage land owners to “shoot, shovel, and shut up.”
Most pro-ESA people seem to focus (without offering a lot of evidence) on point #1, using a sort of flaky, “everything is connected to everything else” argument. Most anti-ESA types, on the other hand, seem to focus mostly on point #3, without really taking seriously the first two issues. You get the sense that most of those people don’t really care if the ESA is effective or not, because they didn’t much like endangered species in the first place. Not only is that a bad debating tactic, but I think it undermines their argument, in the sense that to be taken seriously in one’s critique of the ESA, one needs to be able to offer a compelling alternative.
The bottom line, though, is that people in this debate appear to be talking past each other. Pro-ESA people seem to never consider whether the ESA actually works the way it’s supposed to, while anti-ESA appear not to really care if species get saved. In other words, neither side cares if the law works– albeit for different reasons. Which is unfortunate, because I think that if people on each side engaged and took seriously the concerns of their opponents, it would be possible to reform things in ways that both sides would find congenial.